The ISTP11 AMT special issue aims at collecting original papers from the 11th Edition of the International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling (ISTP11) as well as additional contributions fitting well within the scope of tropospheric profiling. The main topics will cover new algorithms, instrumental techniques and synergy to retrieve atmospheric profiling of state parameters and consituents (clouds, aerosols and trace gazes), improved understanding of tropospheric processes thanks to innovative dataset of tropospheric profiles and the use of experimental data to improve numerical weather prediction (model evaluation, advances in modelling and data assimilation).

The last 50 years have enabled significant progress in our ability to describe and model both the oceanic and atmospheric environments of the Indian Ocean and their interactions with the sea floor and coastal regimes. However, our understanding of the major processes of the Indian Ocean is still far from complete and is rudimentary in many respects. This SI compiles various synthesis articles about the recent results of the 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition Program (IIOE-2: https://iioe-2.incois.gov.in/). The synthesis articles will review and highlight results of physical, biogeochemical, ecological, geological, coastal and atmospheric studies from all parts of the Indian Ocean. Moreover, the SI will serve to illustrate some of the key questions that are relevant for future research on the grand challenges in the Indian Ocean system.

In order to improve our current knowledge on the budgets of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases, CO₂ and CH₄, a co-ordinated measurement campaign in the central European region was successfully carried out in May-June 2018 with the German research aircraft HALO and two smaller Cessna aircraft as its main experimental platforms. The goal of CoMet is to combine a suite of state-of-the-art airborne active (lidar) and passive remote sensors (spectrometer) with in situ instruments to provide regional-scale data about greenhouse gases (GHGs) which are urgently required for their accurate modelling.

During the intensive observation period, HALO research flights were performed along extended latitudinal transects to capture GHG gradients, over known regions of strong emissions, and over the ground-based remote-sensing sites of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). While HALO provides a larger-scale picture, the two Cessna aircraft concentrated on a region of prime interest: the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland, which, due to hard coal mining activities, is one of the hot spots of anthropogenic methane emissions in Europe. Here, a variety of ground-based instruments additionally supported the CoMet mission: FTIR spectrometers, wind lidars, mobile vans, and small drones provided valuable information to quantify CH₄ emissions from coal mining activities. A model infrastructure (regional inverse modelling, chemistry-climate modelling with regional refinement) has been employed in forecast mode to optimize flight strategies and is now used to hindcast the campaign period to evaluate GHG fluxes and transport. The CoMet mission is also part of validation activities for existing passive remote sounding GHG satellites (GOSAT, Sentinel-5P, and OCO-2) and preparation of the first active CH₄ satellite mission MERLIN. For that reason, the CHARM-F lidar developed at DLR as an airborne MERLIN demonstrator was one of the key instruments. In addition, CoMet is intended to investigate methodologies for the synergistic combination for GHG measurements using lidar and passive remote sensing.

In the vast low-nutrient—low-chlorophyll (LNLC) ocean, the vertical nutrient supply from the subsurface to the sunlit surface waters is low, and atmospheric contribution of nutrients may be 1 order of magnitude greater over short timescales. Recently, significant experimental, field and modeling work allowed us to better link atmospheric deposition with nutrient availability, ocean productivity, carbon cycling and marine emissions. By improving our understanding on how atmospheric inputs are impacting biological activity and the carbon balance in oligotrophic environments, their representation in biogeochemical models at different timescales and space scales will be better assessed. In particular, processes may be affected by ongoing environmental changes in the ocean such as a decrease in pH and an increase in temperature.

This special issue aims at gathering contributions from both experimental and modeling approaches showing how natural or anthropogenic inputs from the atmosphere can impact biogeochemical and ecological processes in the present and future oligotrophic ocean. It will present the results obtained during the PEACETIME (ProcEss studies at the Air-sEa Interface after dust deposition in the MEditerranean sea) cruise conducted in 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea, but the special issue is open to any submissions provided that the subject is consistent with the objectives defined above.

The atmospheric chemistry box modeling system CAABA/MECCA is open-source code published under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The system is based on the box model CAABA (Chemistry As A Boxmodel Application). The chemistry code is provided by the sub-model MECCA (Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere). Additional sub-models provide the code to calculate photolysis, trajectories, isotope tagging and other features.